IIW White Paper

9. Needs and challenges of major industry sectors for future applications ...................................................................................................81 9.1 Energy sector ..............................................................................................................83 9.1.1 Energy consumption and power generation .........................................................84 9.1.2 Power – Fossil ...............................................................................................................86 9.1.3 Hot topics ....................................................................................................................90 9.1.4 Power – Nuclear .........................................................................................................90 9.1.5 Hot topics ....................................................................................................................94 9.1.6 Power - Hydro..............................................................................................................94 9.1.7 Hot topics ....................................................................................................................95 9.1.8 Power - Renewable....................................................................................................96 9.1.9 Hot topics ....................................................................................................................97 9.2 Manufacturing sector ................................................................................................97 9.2.1 Joining technology in the production process - Actual status and trends .........97 9.2.2 Production using joining technology and economic viability ..............................98 9.2.3 Visions for joining technology optimised for processes........................................102 9.2.4 Production using joining technology and research.............................................103 9.2.5 Hot topics ..................................................................................................................103 9.3 Oil and gas sector ....................................................................................................103 9.3.1 Offshore and Onshore – Oil and gas .....................................................................104 9.3.2 Hot Topics ..................................................................................................................106 9.3.3 Hyperbaric welding .................................................................................................106 9.3.4 Hot topics ..................................................................................................................107 9.4 Pipeline sector ..........................................................................................................107 9.4.1 Background ..............................................................................................................107 9.4.2 Technology trends....................................................................................................108 9.4.3 Natural and CO 2 gas pipelines...............................................................................109 9.4.4 Testing of pipes .........................................................................................................110 9.4.5 Hot topics ..................................................................................................................111 9.4.6 Emerging technologies............................................................................................111 9.5 Pressure equipment sector......................................................................................111 9.5.1 Future of the industry ...............................................................................................112 9.5.2 Residual stress estimates for fitness for service (FFS) .............................................114 9.5.3 Hot topics ..................................................................................................................115 9.6 Automotive sector....................................................................................................116 9.6.1 Industry trends ..........................................................................................................117 9.6.2 Materials development ...........................................................................................119

IX

Through Optimum Use and Innovation of Welding and Joining Technologies

Improving Global Quality of Life